Customer Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Customer Portfolio Management - Essay Example Customer preferences and customers’ attributes helps businesses to decide upon what products and services should be offered to the customer segment and how it should be marketed and priced so that it matches customers’ requirements and desires. This research paper would look into marketing concepts and theories, which helps businesses to build and maintain a customer portfolio. For this purpose, the researcher has gone through and understood various theories and research works to elaborate on the concept of customer portfolio management. Content of the Customer Portfolio The content of the customer portfolio enables managers to understand the business-to-business marketing strategies that can be utilized for assessing supplier-customer relationships. With this assessment, managers identify scarce resources of the organization and allocate them accordingly so that maximum profitability can be achieved (Sinha et al., 2002). The content of customer portfolios makes it easi er for managers to optimally compose customer relationships in order to determine, whether the company amongst members of the target market because of its customer relationship tactics or the competitive position of the organization (Ravenscraft, 1983). This is the reason, that customer portfolio management is considered as an integral part of an organization’s marketing functions. ... managing the line of products and brands, by aligning financial and budgetary resources with the resource allocation strategy and creating coordination between organizational teams to ensure implication of business, product and marketing strategy. The product portfolio management consists of taking care of a number of activities such as conducting market research to understand consumer dynamics, aligning key suppliers who will prove to be beneficial, determining marketing and distribution tactics and etc. On the other hand, customer portfolios makes it easier for managers to optimally compose customer relationships in order to determine, whether the company amongst members of the target market because of its customer relationship tactics or the competitive position of the organization. This is the reason, that customer portfolio management is considered as an integral part of an organization’s marketing functions (Sanchez, 2005). Strategic Accounting Management Strategic accou nting management is different from managing financial accounts of a business. Instead, these strategies are related with developing marketing systems that ensures that long-term relationships are maintained with strategic customers of the organization. These strategic customers might include organization’s suppliers of raw material and other vendors. Strategic accounting management is beneficial in a sense, that it helps the business to improve the quality of raw material used by maintaining healthy relationships with the suppliers and also reduces the cost of acquiring new strategic partners in the given marketplace. On the other hand, strategic accounting management also enables the organization to determine the specific needs of strategic customers and tailoring the products according to

Introduction to Legal Research Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Legal Research Essay Facts: Samantha Smith, a young and single mother, was shopping in the bath aisle of the local grocery store in Indiana. At approximately 1:30 pm she slipped and fell on a clear shampoo that had leaked out of one of the bottles and onto the floor. The aisle had been inspected, logged as clear of any dangerous hazards at 1:00 pm by an older employee who requires glasses. As a result of the fall, Samantha was transported to the hospital where she was admitted overnight and diagnosed with a broken hip. She will require many months of physical therapy. Samantha has no healthcare insurance coverage to cover any of her expenses and is responsible for a two year old son. Issue: Did the grocery store have knowledge of the hazardous substance on the floor, therefore being held liable for the injuries that Samantha sustained? Rule: The grocery store can only be held liable if it had knowledge of the hazardous condition. Breach of duty is defined as â€Å"the violation of a legal or moral obligation; the failure to act as the law obligates one to act; especially a fiduciary’s violation of an obligation owed to another.† Black’s Law Dictionary 214 (9th ed. 2009) Negligence is defined as â€Å"the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm.† Black’s Law Dictionary 1133 (9th ed. 2009)  Analysis: Samantha is not able to prove that the grocery store had any knowledge of the hazardous substance on the floor; therefore, the grocery store was not negligent in its duty to the customer and cannot be held liable for Samantha’s injuries. Conclusion: It is not likely that Samantha will be awarded damages for her injuries because she cannot show proof that the grocery store had any knowledge of the hazardous spill on the floor. Vaughn v. National Tea Co., 328 F.2d 128 (7th Cir. 1964)  Facts: The Plaintiff, Vaughn, slipped and on a piece of lettuce and fell on the floor while shopping at National Tea Company. The store employee stated under testimony that she did not recall cleaning or picking up anything off of the aisle the day before the slip and fall occurred. The lettuce had multiple step marks on it which indicated that it had been there for a while. As a result of the slip and fall, Vaughn ruptured a disc in her back that resulted in the need for surgery. Vaughn filed a lawsuit against the National Tea Company for damages for the injuries she sustained. A jury found the Defendant guilty and awarded damages to Vaughn in the amount of $25,000. See more: how to write an introduction paragraph National Tea Company appealed the case stating there was no proof of negligence. Issue: Did National Tea Company have any knowledge of the lettuce on the floor which would ultimately hold them liable for the Vaughn’s injuries? Rule: Negligence is defined as â€Å"the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm.† Black’s Law Dictionary 1133 (9th ed. 2009) Evidence showed that the lettuce had been stepped on multiple times and, therefore, the jury could find that it was on the floor ample enough time for someone at the store to have a duty to clean it up. Analysis: The jury held that National Tea Company was negligent and a breach of duty occurred because they lettuce was on the floor for a long enough time period to be noticed and removed; therefore, Vaughn was awarded dama ges. Carmichael v. Kroger, 654 N.E.2d 1188 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995) Facts: Carmichael was shopping in the dairy aisle at Kroger and at approximately 2:00 pm slipped on a broken egg. As a result, Carmichael filed a lawsuit against Kroger for damages as a result of the slip and fall. Records show that a Kroger employee checked the dairy aisle just after 2:00 pm the same day and confirmed that there was no hazardous material on the floor. Carmichael was unable to prove to the Court that Kroger knew about the broken egg on the floor; therefore, Kroger was not found negligent or liable for Carmichael’s injuries. Issue: Did Kroger know about the broken egg on the floor which in turn would hold them liable for  Carmichael’s injuries? Rule: Liability cannot be imposed if Kroger was not aware of the broken egg on the floor. Negligence is defined as â€Å"the failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm.† Black’s Law Dictionary 1133 (9th ed. 2009)  Analysis: Carmichael failed to prove to the Court that Kroger had any knowledge of the broken egg on the floor that created a hazard; therefore, Kroger was not negligent in its duty of care to Carmichael and cannot be held liable for Carmichael’s injuries. Conclusion: The Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court’s decision that Carmichael failed to prove negligence and breach of duty.

Racism, Prisons, and the Future of Black America Essay -- essays resea

Racism, Prisons, and the Future of Black America I came upon an article bearing the above title after entering the word ‘race’ into my web browser search bar. After skimming through the article, I became interested in the topic and decided it would be worthy for using in my Race in the Media Analysis. The topic mentioned is that of the staggering number of Blacks within American prisons. In the year the article was published (2000), the number of incarcerated Blacks were slightly over half of the entire American prison population of roughly 2 million. According to the author, Manning Marable (a black man), that meant that 1 out of every 35 blacks are in prison. These figures astonished me and made me curious as to the cause of such disturbing statistics. However, I had a notion of possible causes. I would expect to find that the reason for such large numbers is based upon poverty, and the amounts of Blacks that grow up in ghettos. If blacks make up the majority of inhabitants of America’s poorest neighborhoods, than that would be an obvious answer. It is my belief that people are more or less products of their environments, and if you grow up where there is poverty and crime, you are likely to remain poor and become a criminal. If a man or woman feels that there are no opportunities for them to make a decent living through an ethical job, then they will naturally look towards crime as a solution. It is simply a survival instinct. After reading the article, it became appare...

Labeling Theory :: Labeling Theory in Sociology

"Deviance, like beauty, is in the eyes of the beholder. There is nothing inherently deviant in any human act, something is deviant only because some people have been successful in labeling it so." – J.L. Simmons INTRODUCTION Labelling theory, stemming from the influences of Cooley, Mead, Tannenbaum, and Lemert, has its origins somewhere within the context of the twentieth century. However, Edwin Lemert is widely considered the producer and founder of the original version of labelling theory. This paper, not a summary, provides a brief history of labelling theory, as well as, its role in the sociology of deviance. It attempts to explore the contributions made by labelling theorists, the criticism towards labelling theorists, and the discussion surrounding its reality as an actual theory. In essence, the main focus of this paper besides proving an understanding of Howard Becker, is to describe and evaluate `labelling theory` to the study of crime and deviance, by way of an in depth discussion. THEORETICAL IMAGES The theoretical study of societal reaction to deviance has been carried out under different names, such as, labelling theory, interactionist perspective, and the social constructionist perspective. In the sociology of deviance, the labelling theory of deviant behaviour is often used interchangeably with the societal reaction theory of deviancy. As a matter of fact, both phrases point equally to the fact that sociological explanations of deviance function as a product of social control rather than a product of psychology or genetic inheritance. Some sociologists would explain deviance by accepting without question definitions of deviance and concerning themselves with primary aetiology. However, labelling theorists stress the point of seeing deviance from the viewpoint of the deviant individual. They claim that when a person becomes known as a deviant, and is ascribed deviant behaviour patterns, it is as much, if not more, to do with the way they have been stigmatized, then the devian t act they are said to have committed. In addition, Howard S. Becker (1963), one of the earlier interaction theorists, claimed that, "social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders". Furthermore, the labelling theoretical approach to deviance concentrates on the social reaction to deviance committed by individuals, as well as, the interaction processes leading up to the labelling. INFLUENCES Labelling theory was significantly influenced by the Chicago School and Symbolic Interactionism.

Jinnikins Jeans Formative Assignment Essay

The Assignment will be arranged in a business report format in regards to the evaluation of provided voice level for the staff at Jinnikins Jeans. This report will be in a very brief and efficient frame. The Jinnikins Jeans evaluation will take place by using relevant theories and models that is being covered in the lectures as well as some independent research. This will be in the form of books, journals, and some online sources in order to support the theories. I intend to open this report with clarifying how important it is for employees to have a voice in organization in general as well as stressing the fact that how maintaining a good level of voice within the organization can influence positively for the employees and could lead to growth of the company. The next step would be a brief overview of the Jinnikins Jeans case study and discuss how much they are maintaining the level of voice for employees in their business. Despite the fact that At Jinnikins Jeans the two brothers are making the main decisions, the commitment cycle model has been chosen. Because it allows to assess the impact of employees freedom voice range to the overall company’s success by using its 5 parts in the cycle. The next step of this report will focuses in more details on the motivational aspect of the employees in Jennekins base on the fact that George and Trevor are the only one who is making the decisions at the company by using two different theories as they will allow different ways of evaluation to the topic. This will encompass Hertzberg analysis and Vroom expectancy theory. Vroom expectancy theory has been chosen as it allows to discuss about the requirement of completion of 3 elements of motivational forces in relation to give voice to the employees at jinnikins. The report will argue about the fact how the brothers can understand employees interests when they are not giving enough voice to them in order to relate their interest to their final out come of their performance results and keeping them motivated. The Hertzberg analysis has been chosen as it makes it possible to analyse how the brothers reward method in order to motivate their employees really affect to their motivational level. Furthermore, The report will evaluate how giving the voice to employees in Jinnikins Jeans has effected to the overall performance and their motivation by counting in using Hertzberg theory. Throughout the report, references of academic books will be present. These will include the core and recommended references provided in the module guide. Furthermore, journal article will act as vital point of reference in order to evaluate Jinnikins Jeans in more details. The report will be referenced using Harvard style.

Free Energy Definition in Science

Free Energy Definition in Science The phrase free energy has multiple definitions in science: Thermodynamic Free Energy In physics and physical chemistry, free energy refers to the amount of internal energy of a thermodynamic system that is available to perform work. There are different forms of thermodynamic free energy: Gibbs free energy is the energy that may be converted into work in a system that is at constant temperature and pressure. The equation for Gibbs free energy is: G H – TS where G is Gibbs free energy, H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy. Helmholtz free energy is energy that may be converted into work at constant temperature and volume. The equation for Helmholtz free energy is: A U – TS where A is the Helmholtz free energy, U is the internal energy of the system, T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin) and S is the entropy of the system. Landau free energy describes energy of an open system in which particles and energy may be exchanged with the surroundings. The equation for Landau free energy is: ÃŽ © A - ÃŽ ¼N U - TS - ÃŽ ¼N where N is the number of particles and  ÃŽ ¼ is  chemical potential. Variational Free Energy In information theory, variational free energy is a construct used in variational Bayesian methods. Such methods are used to appoximate intractable integrals for statistics and machine learning. Other Definitions In environmental science and economics, the phrase free energy is sometimes used to refer to renewable resources or any energy that does not require monetary payment. Free energy may also refer to the energy that powers a hypothetical perpetual motion machine. Such a device violates the laws of thermodynamics, so this definition presently refers to a pseudoscience rather than hard science. Sources Baierlein, Ralph (2003). Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65838-1.Mendoza, E. (1988). Clapeyron, E.; Carnot, R., eds. Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire – and other Papers on the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-44641-7.Stoner, Clinton D. (2000). Inquiries into the Nature of Free Energy and Entropy in Respect to Biochemical Thermodynamics.  Entropy Vol. 2.

Solid protein formulation Essay Example

Solid protein formulation Essay Example Solid protein formulation Essay Solid protein formulation Essay Introduction for solid protein preparation ( Essay title 5 ) Background: Solid protein preparation has ever been a challenge due to the deficiency of physical, chemical stablenesss and besides complications involved during protein fabrication and purification. To accomplish an acceptable shelf life, they are normally formulated into a solid signifier. Methods available include freeze drying, spray drying and supercritical fluid drying. However, freezing prohibitionist ( freeze-drying ) is the most normally used method. It can be dated back to 1890s where it was foremost tested and used in Leipzig, Germany ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ) . However, it was merely until the fiftiess that freeze-drying had been used in the nutrient and drug industry. Lyophilisation offers several advantages, being an sterile procedure that had been approved by the governments which enhances the shelf life of the merchandise significantly and allows rapid reconstitution of the concluding merchandise prior to utilize ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . Freeze-drying procedure: Chiefly, freeze-drying involves the remotion of H2O molecules from proteins. Stability was achieved by restricting the motion of protein molecules and avoiding debasement tracts that were facilitated by H2O molecules. Procedure can be separated to three chief stairss, viz. , stop deading, primary drying and secondary drying. During freeze, temperature of protein solution was lowered until below the eutectic temperature ( Teut ) . This temperature by definition was the temperature in a mixture where solution and substance pure solids co-exist at fixed force per unit area. With increasing ice formation, concentration of unfrozen protein solution additions consequently until staying solution becomes excessively syrupy that it finally turns into an formless solid solution resembling a glass. This temperature where preparation vitrifies is known as glass passage temperature ( Tg ) . This glassy web has mechanical stableness which allows it to self-support and does non disintegrate upon the remotion of ice, go forthing behind a porous web that is easy rehydrated. Approximately 98 % of the H2O content was isolated in the signifier of ice ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ) . Subsequently, primary drying was preformed to take the ice via sublimation. This was achieved by providing heat to the matrix and procedure relies on the rate of sublimation of ice to chill down the formed merchandise. Conversely with repeated drying, a bed of dried bar signifiers above the ice forepart, offering opposition against sublimation. Rate of sublimation lessenings as a effect. Therefore at this point, if process uses a temperature higher than Tg so changes need to be done to avoid the prostration of matrix construction ( Franks F A ; Auffret T, 2007 ; McNally E.J, 2007 ) . It is necessary to appreciate the opposition by dried bed and stairss must be taken to keep merchandise temperature below Tg ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . Upon completion, secondary drying was performed to extinguish staying unfrozen H2O within the protein. Removal is done via desorption at a low force per unit area value. As H2O content diminutions, there s an addition in merchandise Tg intending Tg of the merchandise was somewhat higher than Tg initial towards the terminal of the drying procedure. This allows an addition in merchandise temperature for farther desorption. By equilibrating the addition in temperature with rate of drying, desorption of staying H2O without well transcending Tg of merchandise can be achieved. Equally long as the rate of temperature slope does non transcend 5 Â °C/hour, jobs seldom emerge ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) . However, freeze-drying is recognised as an expensive process due to its tremendous energy ingestion and long processing clip ( up to few yearss ) . Hence, economical considerations are of import when sing procedure optimization. This normally means supplying a complete processing rhythm utilizing least sum of clip stoping with an terminal merchandise of acceptable quality. Optimization of freeze-drying procedure Problems were normally encountered during primary drying. Key variables to be monitored were sublimation interface temperature ( turning away of macroscopic construction prostration ) and sublimating interface place ( rating of primary drying advancement ) . These parametric quantities can be determined by both attacks mentioned below. Dynamic Parameters Estimation is an advanced manometric temperature measuring capable of set uping optimum shelf temperature and license quickest drying clip without transcending Tg of merchandise. But it merely provides stray informations ( no uninterrupted measurings ) as an mean appraisal of the province of the system ( Barresia A.A, 2009a ; 2009b ) . Furthermore surveies demonstrates that they must be interpreted with attention when important heterogeneousnesss were present within the batch ( Barresia A.A, 2009a ) . These can be overcome by matching the system with package detectors like Extended Kalman Filter ( EKF ) based perceivers EFK perceivers on the other manus, were able to set up temperature of the merchandise at any axial place and sublimating interface patterned advance, by working a single-point mensural temperature at the underside of the merchandise. It allows uninterrupted monitoring of phials placed at different places which give a direct in-line rating of batch differences. The documentation between appraisal and existent values were by and large good, except during the first portion of drying rhythm. It has been observed that the public presentation of the perceiver can be improved if it is coupled with the DPE tool ( Barresia A.A, 2009b ) . Hence, the two complementary supervising systems can be combined to obtain a robust loanblend control system. Problem in perscpective: Stresses experienced by the protein during freeze-drying However, freeze-drying is non without restrictions. In order for the merchandise to function its intent, proteins would necessitate to remain in its native province to recover its map upon rehydration. However, the procedure itself is capable of bring forthing emphasiss that would take to stop merchandise failure. These emphasiss could be subdivided into three types which are low temperature emphasis, stop deading emphasis and drying emphasis. Low temperature emphasis causes increased hydration of non polar groups and weakening of protein solvophobic interaction. Following hydration, polypeptide ironss which were compactly arranged unfolds to expose internal non-polar groups to H2O. This procedure was enthalphy driven and may explicate some denaturation theoretical account of proteins although the dynamicss may be excessively slow to unfold proteins during freeze-drying ( Privalov PL,1990 ) Cold denatured proteins illustrations were b-lactoglobulin, myoglobin and phosphoglycerate kinase ( Tang XL A ; Pikal M.J, 2005 ) . Then, stop deading procedure itself produces several stableness jobs. First, with increasing solution concentration ionic strength within atoms additions ( Bhatnagarhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? B.S, 2007 ) . This was observed in aluminum hydrated oxide adjuvant incorporating vaccinums where atoms were so tightly packed that ionic strength dominates and collection commences ( Zapata M.I, 1984 ) . Second, surface assimilation of proteins to the ice-water interface formed during stop deading leads to the flowering of native construction. This subsequently exposes amino groups that farther facilitate inactivation via protein collection ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Rapid chilling rhythms generate larger ice H2O interface due to formation of little crystals ( Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M, 2008 ) . It was observed in fibroblast growing factors and maleate dehydragenase. Freezing besides causes pH changes by selectively clear one of the buffering species within protein solut ion. Perturbation occurs owing to increased electrostatic repulsive force between two similar charged groups at high or low pH values ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Pikal et al studies of notably more inactivation and secondary structural disturbance of b-galactosidase in Na phosphate ( NaP ) buffer than in K phosphate buffer. Effect was attributed by pH displacements of about 3 units during stop deading procedure with NaP buffer ( Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M, 2008 ; Pikal-Cleland K.A, 2000 ) . Last, stage separation besides occurs due to altered solubility of excipients at low temperatures. The procedure could give rise to different Tg values as seen with whey proteins and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose co-dried mixtures which exhibits two Tg values in to the full phase-separated system, one Tg value for non-phase-separated co-dried mixture and three Tg values for in between systems ( Jara F.L, Pilosof A.M.R, 2009 ; Randolph TW, 1997 ) . Drying emphasis was caused by partial riddance of the hydration shell which covers the protein surface ensuing in H bonds which played an of import function in the thermodynamic stableness of proteins being removed ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ; Wang W, 2000 ) . During the remotion of H2O molecules, proteins tend to reassign protons to ionized carboxyl groups and abolish as many charge as possible. Equilibrium energies within native verifications were disrupted and favours denaturation. Reduced charge denseness besides promotes protein-protein hydrophobic interaction doing non covalent collection ( Chang LQ, Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . In add-on, H2O molecules may besides function as an indispensable portion of protein active site and remotion of these molecules leads to protein inactivation as seen in muramidases. ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Since, stop deading and desiccation induces different signifiers of emphasis to do protein denaturation. Stabilizers were necessary to protect proteins from stop deading ( cryoprotection ) and desiccation ( lyoprotection ) stresses. However, effectual cryoprotectants may non move as good lyoprotectants hence add-on of two or more stabilizers are necessary in some instances. Dicuss of assorted attacks that might be taken to work out the job Addition of stabilizers: Discriminatory exclusion was proposed as the mechanism for cryoprotection. In the presence of a stabilising agent, protein favors interaction with H2O and excludes stabilizers from its sphere. The exclusion leads to a rise in protein chemical potency and consequence was relative to protein molecule surface country. Subsequently, the system minimises thermodynamically unfavorable consequence of discriminatory exclusion by favoring protein verification with the least surface country. Therefore, native province of proteins was conserved. This consequence besides applies during non-denaturating conditions as proteins constructions do non be in a distinct signifier and fluctuation from most compact verification tends to go on ( Timasheff, S.N. , 1993 ) . Two hypotheses have been proposed as the mechanism for lyoprotection. Water permutation hypothesis was based on thermodynamic stabilisation mechanism. Water-hydrogen bonds are critical in keeping thermodynamic stableness of proteins and stabilizers were able to organize similar H bonds on protein surfaces. Therefore, this acts as a replacement to the H interaction that was lost upon H2O remotion during drying. Therefore, this causes an equilibrium displacement of protein verifications towards the more stable unfolded province. Glass dynamic hypothesis was based strictly on kinetic stabilisation mechanism and scattering of proteins in a stiff, inert formless glassy solid was defined as stableness. Stabilizers acts as inert, good glass formers which provides the stiff matrix and couples the gesture of proteins with matrix construction. Subsequently, thermodynamically goaded debasement was of no concern because the system itself prevents the equilibrium displacement of protein construct ions ( Chang LQ, Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Further surveies demonstrate that degree of stabilization offered was concentration dependant. Excipients with a concentration sufficient to organize a monolayer around the protein were the least necessary to achieve maximal stabilisation. Therefore, it depends on the mass ratio of excipient to targeted proteins. Further addition in mass ratio provides small benefit in offering excess protection ( YH Liao, 2002 ) . Sugars/polyols are effectual cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. A concentration of 0.3M was suggested to be the minimal concentration needed to supply stabilisation consequence. This corroborates with consequences obtained from freezed coney musculus lactate dehydrogenase and phopofructokinase. However with increasing concentration, it can really clear and do protein denaturation. Later it was found that disaccharides appeared to be the most effectual among this group of stabilizers ( Carpenter J.F, 1997 ) . However, non all proteins can be stabilised by sugar/polyols. For illustration saccharose had limited consequence in forestalling collection of recombinant hemoglobin in phosphate buffered saline ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Polymers can besides move as both cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. Mode of action may be due to one or more of the undermentioned belongingss: elevates merchandise Tg value, inhibits crystallization of little bracing agents and increases solution viscousness taking to restricted protein motion ( Wang W, 2000 ) . However, there are restrictions. Polymers might arouse phase separation during stop deading every bit observed on recombinant hemoglobin in phosphate buffer solution incorporating PEG 3350, dextran T500 and NaCl ( Heller, M.C, 1999 ) . In add-on, it may do protein destabilization owing to steric hinderance which limits efficient H adhering with protein as observed in dextran ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Wetting agents on the other manus Acts of the Apostless as a cryoprotectant. It lowers the surface tenseness of protein solution ensuing in decreased inclination of protein surface assimilation. Thus collection leaning declines. It was besides proposed that bracing consequence may besides be attributed by helping protein refolding and binding which hinders proteins of wetting agents offering cryoprotection includes Tween 80 and polyoxyethylene lauryl quintessence ( Wang W, 2000 ) . However, wetting agents were less effectual in protecting against thermally induced denaturation and at higher concentrations of wetting agents may destabilise a supermolecule ( Parkins D.A A ; Lashmar U.T, 2000 ) . As a drumhead, different group of stabilizers offers protection via different mechanism. However, none of them were without restrictions. Considerations need to be done in taking the most appropriate 1s for the preparation. Addition of bulking agents: Bulking agents were used to accomplish physical stableness and to supply a organic structure to keep the active ingredients as active ingredient of a preparation was ever of a really little measure. These were normally used when the active concentration in the fill solution was less than 2 % weight ( McNally E.J, 2007 ) Some illustrations of bulking agents were Osmitrols and dextran. Normally crystalline agents ( Osmitrol ) were preferred because stronger dried bars with better disintegration features were formed when compared to formless agents. As mentioned antecedently, merchandise temperature must be kept below merchandises eutectic temperature and any incorrect appraisal consequences in either structural prostration or prolonged processing clip. High merchandise Tg value was hence favorable as it allows the procedure continuance to be shortened. There are two ways to increase Tg, either by adding a crystalline bulking agent ( Osmitrol ) with high eutectic temperature or an formless bulking agent with high T?g ( dextran ) ( Passot S, 2005 ) . Mannitol crystallisation along with preparations would let the primary drying freeze-drying rhythm to be carried out on a high temperature without major hazard of structural prostration. However on freeze, it may merely clear partly and organize crystallohydrate which restricts the remotion of H2O molecules on secondary drying. Besides, it exists in three different polymorph constructions ( ? , ? , and ? ) and was associated with an increased hazard of vial breakage due to volume enlargement on freeze ( Arakawa T, 2001 ; Wang W, 2000 ) . Dextran on the other manus, in add-on to the advantage mentioned above besides provides lyoprotection and offers bracing consequence upon long term storage. Effect was observed in cut downing loss of coney musculus lactate dehydrogenase activity during freeze-drying and decreased protein collection of interleukin-2 during storage at 5 ?C. However, its inclusion may besides do opposing effects. For case, inclusion of dextran 40 into preparation incorporating sucrose additions collection inclination of lyophilized interleukin-6 when stored at 40 ?C for nine months ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Finally, the pick of bulking agents was governed by principle for usage. For case, it is to be used as a matrix organizing agent or as a stabilizer. A suited pick consequences in optimum merchandise quality with enhanced stableness. Instability jobs during storage/shelf life. Although freeze-drying with the presence of excipients stabilises the protein preparation, long term storage may still give rise to chemical debasement. Formation or exchange of disulfide bonds is the major debasement pathway taking to protein collection as shown in insulin, b-galactoside and bovid serum albumen ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ; Wang W, 2000 ) .Cysteinyl residues in protein are one of the illustrations which were capable of undergoing such reactions. It can be in the signifier of free sulphydryl group or disulphide bonds ; where on long term storage free sulphydryl group undergoes reaction to organize disulphide bonds ( Passot S, 2005 ) Usually oxidization of these reactive side ironss was introduced to change over them into less active disulfide signifiers. Intermolecular disulphide exchange on the other manus was catalyzed by free thiol group formed by b-elimination of an bing disulfide bonds. They contribute to disulphide interchange taking to intermolecular cross links ( Costantino HR, 1994 ) . Deamination besides occurs where hydrolysis of the protein side concatenation outputs a carboxylic group. Both asparagine and glutamine residue groups are susceptible towards this reaction. The rate finding measure involves intramolecular nucleophilic onslaught to organize a reactive cyclic anhydride intermediate or a cyclic imide intermediate ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Explicating at a pH below impersonal pH decreases the advancement of this reaction ( Parkins D.A A ; Lashmar U.T, 2000 ) . Example of protein deaminization includes insulin deaminization via a cyclic anhydride intermediate during storage ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Maillard reaction, besides known as browning reaction consequences from interactions between reduced sugars with basic protein residues such as lysine, arginine, asparagines and glutamine to organize saccharide adducts ( Costantino HR, 1994 ) . Reduced sugars have different responsivenesss depending on the species involved. However although saccharose is a non-reducing sugar, it can easy be reduced to organize two cut downing sugars particularly at low pH values. Hence sucrose preparations are besides susceptible towards browning. This reaction had been observed in human relaxin and interleukin-6 during storage ( Wang W, 2000 ) . PH accommodations, antioxidant use and low temperature were normally adopted to command rate of Maillard reaction ( Chang LQ A ; Pikal M.J, 2009 ) . Oxidation is besides one of the debasement pathways. It involves methionyl residue which contains a sulfur mediety in a thio-ether linkage capable of organizing sulphoxide upon oxidization. Other side ironss like cystine, histidine, and tryptophan were besides possible campaigners. However, reaction relies on local environmental status. In order to change over the O molecule into reactant species like superoxide groups or hydroxyl groups, external assistance is necessary. This may come in the signifier of visible radiation, presence of cut downing agent or transitional metal ions ( Li SH, 1996a ) . Oxidation can be minimised by add-on of sugars ( ethylene ethanediol, glycerin, glucose ) which forms H bonds to the surface of the protein and preserves its native verification ( Li SH, 1996b ) . The reaction had been observed in lyophilized interleukin-2 ( Wang W, 2000 ) . Last, storage temperature besides contributes towards protein stableness. With increasing temperature, there was an increased loss of protein activity. In add-on, it was found to advance protein collection, chemical debasement and facilitate recrystallisation of lyophilized protein. Protein collection was ascribed by an addition mobility of molecules at high temperature. Temperature induced debasement had been observed in interleukin-1 receptor adversary and tumour mortification factor. However, fickle temperatures had more damaging effects than a individual high storage temperature. Hence, storage temperature should be of a changeless low value to understate temperature induced merchandise debasement ( Wang W, 2000 ) . In decision, lyophilised merchandises are really sensitive to debasement. Hence, to bring forth a merchandise of acceptable quality with maintained efficaciousness prior to utilize, we need to ever take notes in ways to understate protein debasement. The aim for this experiment was to look into factors that would impact the stableness of lyophilized protein. Mentions: 1. Arakawa T, Prestrelski S.J, Kenney W.C, Carpenter J.F. Factors impacting short-run and long-run stablenesss of proteins. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Mar. 2001 ; 46 ( 1-3 ) : 307-326 2. Barresia A.A, Velardia S.A, Pisanoa R, Rasettoa V, Vallanb A, Galanc M. In-line monitoring of the primary drying stage of the freeze-drying procedure in vial by agencies of a Kalman filter based observer. Chemical technology research and design. 2009a ; 87:1409-1419 3. Barresia A.A, Velardia S.A, Pisanoa R, Rasettoa V, Vallanb A, Galanc M. In-line control of the freeze-drying procedure. A soft PAT attack utilizing package detectors. International diary of infrigidation. 2009b ; 32:1003-1014. 4. Bhatnagarhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? B.S, Bognerhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? R.H, Pikal M.Jhttp: //informahealthcare.com/entityImage/ ? code=200B? . Protein Stability During Freezing: Separation of Stresses and Mechanisms of Protein Stabilization. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2007 ; 12 ( 5 ) : 505-523 5. Carpenter J.F, Pikal M.J, Chang B.S, Randolph T.W. Rational Design of Stable Lyophilized Protein Formulations: Some Practical Advice. Pharmaceutical Research. Aug. 1997 ; 14 ( 8 ) : 969 975 6. Chang LQ, Pikal M.J. Mechanisms of protein stabilisation in the solid province. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009 ; 98 ( 9 ) : 2886-2908. 7. Costantino HR, Langer R, Klibanov AM. Moisture-induced collection of lyophilised insulin. Pharm Research. 1994 ; 11 ( 1 ) :21-29. 8. Franks F, Auffret T. Freeze-drying of Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals. Principles and Practice. Cambridge. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2007. p.4, 10, 134-140, 173 9. Heller, M.C. , Carpenter, J.F. , Randolph, T.W. Protein preparation and freeze-drying rhythm design: bar of harm due to freeze-concentration induced stage separation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1999 ; 63: 166-174. 10. Jara F.L, Pilosof A.M.R. Glass passage temperature of protein polysaccharide co-dried mixtures as affected by the extent and morphology of stage separation. Thermochimica Acta. Apr. 2009 ; 487 ( 1-2 ) : 65-73 11. Liao YH, Brown MB, Quader A, Martin GP. Protective Mechanism of Stabilizing Excipients against Dehydration in the Freeze Drying of Proteins. Pharmaceutical Research. Dec. 2002 ; 19 ( 12 ) : 1854 1861. 12. Li SH, Patapoff TW, Overcashier D, Hsu C, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Effectss of cut downing sugars on the chemical stableness of human relaxin in the lyophilised province. J Pharm Sci. 1996a ; 85 ( 8 ) :873-877. 13. Li SH, Patapoff TW, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Inhibitory consequence of sugars and polyols on the metal-catalyzed oxidization of human relaxin. J Pharm Sci 1996b ; 85 ( 8 ) :868-872. 14. Maltesen M.J, van de Weert M. Drying methods for protein pharmaceuticals. Drug Discov Today: Technol 2008 ; e1 e7 15. McNally E.J, Hastedt E.J, Swarbrick J. Protein Formulation and Delivery. 2nd edition. NY. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 2007. p. 177 212 16. Passot S, Fonseca F, Alarcon-Lorca M, Rolland D, Marin M. Physical word picture of preparations for the development of two stable lyophilized proteins during both dried and liquid storage. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. Aug. 2005 ; 60 ( 3 ) : 335-348 17. Parkins D.A, Lashmar U.T. The preparation of biopharmaceutical merchandises Pharmaceutical Science A ; Technology Today. Apr. 2000 ; 3 ( 4 ) : 129-137 18. Pikal-Cleland K.A, Nair Rodriguez-Hornedo, Amidon G. L, Carpenter J.F. Protein Denaturation during Freezing and Thawing in Phosphate Buffer Systems: Monomeric and Tetrameric ?-Galactosidase. Archivess of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Dec 2000 ; 384 ( 2 ) : 398-406 19. Privalov PL. Cold Denaturation of Proteins. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1990 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 281-306. 20. Randolph TW. Phase Separation of Excipients during Lyophilization: Effectss on Protein Stability. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Jul. 1997 ; 86 ( 11 ) : 1198-1203 21. Tang XL, Pikal M.J. Measurement of the Kinetics of Protein Unfolding in Viscous Systems and Implications for Protein Stability in Freeze-Drying. Pharmaceutical Research. Jul. 2005 ; 22 ( 7 ) : 1176-1185. 22. Timasheff, S.N. The control of protein stableness and association by weak interactions with H2O: how do dissolvers impact these procedures? Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure. Jun 1993 ; 22: 67-97. 23. Wang W. Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2000 ; 203: 1-60 24. Zapata M.I. , Feldkamp J.R. , Peck G.E. , White J.L. , Hem S.L. , Mechanism of freeze-thaw instability of aluminium hydroxycarbonate and Mg hydrated oxide gels. J. Pharm. Sci. 1984 ; 73: 3-8.

Kurt Vonnegut Essays - Fiction, Literature, Slaughterhouse-Five

Kurt Vonnegut Essays - Fiction, Literature, Slaughterhouse-Five Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut?s character Billy Pilgrim, in Slaughterhouse-Five, is an American soldier in Europe in the last year of World War II. What he sees and does during his six months on the battlefield and as a prisoner of war have dominated his life. He comes to terms with the feelings of horror, guilt, and despair that are the result of his war experiences by putting the events of his life in perspective. He reorganizes his life by using the device of "time travel." Unlike everyone else, he does not live his life one day after another. Billy Pilgrim has become "unstuck in time," and he jumps around among the periods of life in a constant state of transience. In the beginning of the novel, it is December 1944 and Billy, along with three other American soldiers, is lost in a forest far behind enemy lines. Billy closes his eyes for a moment, drifts back to a day in his past, then suddenly opens his eyes in the future: it?s 1965 and he is visiting his mother in a nursing home. He blinks, then time changes to 1958, then 1961, and finally he finds himself back in the forest in December 1944. Billy does not have much time to wonder about what has just happened. He has been captured almost immediately by German soldiers and put onto a train bound for eastern Germany. Aboard the train Billy has a great adventure into the future. He finds himself at the night of his daughter?s wedding in 1967, where he is kidnapped by a flying saucer from the imaginary planet Tralfamadore. The aliens take Billy to their home planet and put him in a zoo. Then, as always seems to happen, Billy wakes up back in the war. The train arrives at a prison camp, and there a group of British officers throw a banquet for the American POWs. Before long he is traveling in time again, to a mental hospital in 1948, where he?s visited by his fiancee, Valencia Merble. As soon as he recovers from his nervous breakdown, Billy will be set up in business as an optometrist by Valencia?s father. Billy is introduced to science fiction by his hospital roommate, Eliot Rosewater, whose favorite author is Kilgore Trout. Trout?s writing is terrible, but Billy comes to admire his ideas. Billy soon travels in time again to Tralfamadore, where he is the most popular exhibit in the zoo. His keepers love talking to him because his ideas are so strange to them. He thinks, for example, that wars could be prevented if people could see into the future as he can. The American POWs are now being moved to Dresdan, which as an "open city" of no military value has come through unscathed, while almost every other German city has been heavily bombed. Billy knows that Dresdan will soon be totally destroyed, even though there?s nothing worth bombing there. The Americans are housed in building number five of the Dresdan slaughterhouse. There, Billy continues his time-travels. He survives a plane crash in 1968. A few years before that, he meets Kilgore Trout. Also, on Tralfamadore, he tells his zoo-mate, Montan Wildhack, about the bombing of Dresdan. Billy Pilgrim and the other American POWs take shelter in a meat locker beneath the slaughterhouse. When they go out the next day, Dresdan looks like the surface of the moon. Everything has been reduced to ashes and minerals, and everything is still hot. Nothing is moving anywhere. After months of digging corpses out of the ruins, Billy and the others wake up one morning to discover that their guards have disappeared. The war had now ended, and they are free men. There are many ways for an individual to cope with post-traumatic stress. The way in which one chooses to deal with emotionally taxing situations is determined, in part, by the individual?s character traits. Because Billy Pilgrim is insecure and unable to effectively reestablish a sense of normalcy, he chooses "time-travel" as his own personal brand of denial. The result of his emotional journey was the further development of his character, as well as his neurosis.

The Criminal Justice System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Criminal Justice System - Assignment Example Police brutality is an issue of great concern globally. Torture in cells on claimed suspects by law enforcement is a clear sign of a failed criminal justice system. The perpetrators of such inhumanity are never brought to book. The same supposed law that was meant to protect is the same law that seeks to destroy (Garland, 2002). I believe that if a crime was to be committed but the offender is not brought to book, it still is an offence that is punishable according to the law. This means that one is indeed a criminal despite the fact that they did not get caught in the act of committing the crime. Criminal masterminds that manage to commit crimes and still evade law enforcers do not cease being criminals despite the fact they managed to outsmart the law. It still is a crime and that automatically qualifies them as criminals (Garland, 2002). The conflict model of the criminal justice system argues that for an organization to be fully effective, it should be willing to work competitively to produce justice rather than cooperatively (John, 2005). On the other hand, consensus model also known as the systems perspective of CJS, argues that to produce justice, organizations should be willing to work cooperatively. The conflict model, also known as the System conflict theory, argues that worries over fame, fame, success cause conflict in the justice system itself. Some of the main differences between the crime control and the due process model are; in crime control, repression of crime is the most important function while in the due process, providing fairness under the law is seen as the key function (William, 2001). In the crime control, concentration is placed on vindicating the victims’ rights rather than protecting the defendants’ rights while on the other side of the due process, concentration is placed on the

Study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Homework Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homework Problem - Assignment Example Question 3: The University of Iowa is experimenting with a blend of soil amendments to be used in an analysis of variance study of the response of tomatoes to various amounts of sunlight.   To perform this study, all other elements must be controlled so that the only variable is the sunlight.   The minimum requirements for calcium, phosphorous, and potassium are 125 pounds, 150 pounds, and 120 pounds respectively.   The soil amendment mixture from Prairie Gold consist of 25% calcium, 25% phosphorous, 14% potassium, and 36% other ingredients.   It costs $0.60 per ounce.   The mixture from Grinell Grow is 20% calcium, 25% phosphorous, 25% potassium, and 30% other ingredients.   It sells for $0.80 per ounce Formulate a linear programming model that will allow the University of Iowa to conduct this experiment using a minimum cost blend of the two soil amendment mixtures. State clearly the Objective Function and the Constraints (if any) Question 5: Given these parameters:   ÃŽ » = 25 per hour, ÃŽ ¼ = 30 per hour, and Wq  = .3 hours, calculate the average number of customers in the system, average number of customers in the queue, and the average time a customer spends in the system using Littles Formulas. Question 6: An investor studied the percentage rates of return of three different gold funds. Random samples of percentage rates of return for four periods were taken from each fund. The results appear in the table

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Business Outreach program - Anaytical report - Research Proposal Example The American Housing Family is an organization that deals with equipping homeless and low-income individuals and families, providing permanent affordable housing, and improving their lives to become self-supporting members of the society. Even though this project is of great help to the homeless and the less fortunate, the issue of ventilation standards is a major matter to the peoples’ health. Poor ventilation standards result inthe risk of easily conducting dangerous diseases like asthma. A research that was done in 2009 showed that above 50% of homeless people had at least one respiratory manifestation. Another publication on Building and Environment in 2012 showed that improvement in air conditioning reduces the risk of asthma symptoms to the residents. Companies who engage in such projects not only stand a chance to fame but also grow economically and socially. Deploying the HVAC by Solaris to the American Housing Family will boost Solaris growth and also Products’ recognition globally. Solaris will also gain the merit of quality product trust at little or no cost which is the main weapon to success. Many companies strive and use a lot of their resources while trying to gain customers trust with their products. â€Å"Joining the society contributes to an atmosphere of integrity, social awareness, and excellence† (Tichy, McGill, & St. Clair, 1997, p. 173). Our group chose The American Housing Family for the Outreach Program due to the fact that they have local shelters in OC County and have different types of housing. They have wide recognitions globally and reputations for awards. Solaris deploying community services to the American Housing Family will improve on global recognitions, social and economic

Functional Department Participation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Functional Department Participation Plan - Essay Example Within the Information Technology industry, the business governance plan is of utmost significance. This is because the business governance plan sets the foundation stone for a number of developments within the realms of the business and indeed the organization in the long run. There is a great amount of learning that can gained from the business governance plan for the sake of the organization which at times is difficult to measure. However, for the sake of simplicity it is always desirable to support how this business governance plan will be implemented across the board and what its ramifications are with regards to the department incorporations (Kay, 1995). The different functional departments that might play an important role within the drafting of the business governance plan shall include the human resources management department, the legal department, the finance department, the marketing and advertising department and the supervisory role of the Board of Directors within an o rganization. This paper shall pinpoint the exact basis of the business governance plan and how it is implemented across the board under the functional departments, the roles of the relevant departments and the embedded link with the Information Technology concerns. It is needed that the Information Technology domains play an important role within the chalking up of the business governance plan so that the success points could easily be understood and the weaknesses within the relevant realms are also highlighted upon at length. These grey areas would be taken care of for future implications that might arise at a later stage. The business governance plan is an elaborate plan that takes into consideration some of the most significant pointers related with running a business in entirety. However what is important to note is the fact that this business governance plan would not be able to meet success if the people in the varied departments of the organization are unwilling to do their jobs properly (Blair, 1996). The different departments within any organization are dependent on the business governance plan in essence to bring out the value and quality for the sake of the organization in the long run. However these are important understandings that need to be reached upon because these manifest the basis to remain one step ahead with regards to the competitive businesses and in the end, achieve success for the organizations that are being discussed about. The business governance plan entails of a list of important undertakings that the business regime has in place. The governance mechanisms are highlighted, which signifies the extent to which a business can proceed to, and thus find its truest basis in the long run. What is required now is a vision to go above the top and attain the end objectives of the business governance plan so that success for the sake of the organization is attained without any hindrances. The business governance plan is always a comprehens ive plan which lists down the pointers that shall bring about the strengths which are enclosed within a business realm. It takes care of the patterns which would essentially help the business grow as a whole and that too in the long run. Within the human resources management department of an Information Technology industry, the significance of the business governance plan is such that the department has a close liaison with the top management domains. This helps shape up the tasks and activities of the department more than anything else. It also makes the tasks easier for the people who mean business within the organization. The human resources management department is indeed the window for the employees to get in touch with the organization and thus the department should make it a point to talk to them as and when required. Instead a proactive approach towards one another is significant because they will embody the basis of eventual success that the organization has.

Business Outreach program - Anaytical report Research Proposal

Business Outreach program - Anaytical report - Research Proposal Example The American Housing Family is an organization that deals with equipping homeless and low-income individuals and families, providing permanent affordable housing, and improving their lives to become self-supporting members of the society. Even though this project is of great help to the homeless and the less fortunate, the issue of ventilation standards is a major matter to the peoples’ health. Poor ventilation standards result inthe risk of easily conducting dangerous diseases like asthma. A research that was done in 2009 showed that above 50% of homeless people had at least one respiratory manifestation. Another publication on Building and Environment in 2012 showed that improvement in air conditioning reduces the risk of asthma symptoms to the residents. Companies who engage in such projects not only stand a chance to fame but also grow economically and socially. Deploying the HVAC by Solaris to the American Housing Family will boost Solaris growth and also Products’ recognition globally. Solaris will also gain the merit of quality product trust at little or no cost which is the main weapon to success. Many companies strive and use a lot of their resources while trying to gain customers trust with their products. â€Å"Joining the society contributes to an atmosphere of integrity, social awareness, and excellence† (Tichy, McGill, & St. Clair, 1997, p. 173). Our group chose The American Housing Family for the Outreach Program due to the fact that they have local shelters in OC County and have different types of housing. They have wide recognitions globally and reputations for awards. Solaris deploying community services to the American Housing Family will improve on global recognitions, social and economic

Do studies of genetic variations in osteoporosis tell us anything Essay

Do studies of genetic variations in osteoporosis tell us anything useful - Essay Example Through the use of various genetic methods, the genes contributing to or responsible in the development of osteoporosis are now identified. It is estimated that the genetic components and variations account for 50 to 90 % of the total BMD variations in the osteoporosis patients (Ferrari and Rizzoli, 2005). Findings in researches show that there are five key regions that are significantly associated with bone mineral density (Styrkarsdottir et al, 2008). These include receptor activator of nuclear factor -B ligand gene or RANKL, the osteoprotegrin gene or OPG, the estrogen receptor 1 gene or the ESR 1, the BTB domain containing 40 gene or ZBTB40 and the major histocompatibility complex region 6p21 respectively (Styrkarsdottir et al, 2008). Polymorphism has been suggested in the areas of VDR or vitamin D receptor, ESR1 or estrogen receptor alpha, type I collagen genes or the COL1A1 etc. (Zmuda, Sheu and Moffet, 2006). VDR gene variants are associated with differences in body height as well as bone size determination (Fang et al, 2007). However, VDR gene mutations have been implicated in many bone disorders including 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D-resistant rickets, osteoporosis etc. (Uitterlinden et al, 2002). Other genes identified include alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein or AHSG, parathyroid hormones, bone G1a protein (BGP), transforming growth factor beta, PTHR1 and IL-6. the difference in the allele frequencies among Chinese and Caucasian populations were at VDR-ApaI and PTH-BstBI loci respectively. In the case of osteoporosis, IL-6 becomes more active as the key substance that limits its activity, that is the estrogen is reduced in the post menopausal women, which leads to increased breakdown of the bone structure. The genetic loci identified in bone metabolism include COL1A1, TGF beta 1, SOST, VDR, ER alpha,LRBP5, BMP2 and IL-6 respectively. First deciding on the topic of research carried out the research. Currently there are many researches that are

Altruism in humans Essay Example for Free

Altruism in humans Essay Calvin et al (1987) proposed a more selfish view of helping, stressing that people help others to avoid feeling sad (a negative state) and because it makes them feel good about themselves. This is called the Negative State Relief (NSR) model. It doesnt matter whether the negative affect (mood) is caused by witnessing the distress of the victim or whether the helper was already in bad mood. Either way, you help to improve your own mood. Adults may internalise the reward of doing good. . Therefore, adults in a bad mood may help in order to alleviate their negative state. However if people can relieve their negative mood through some other source (such as hearing a good joke or getting some money) then they do not need to help. Effect of Mood Enhancement (EME) study A variation on Batsons research was carried. Those participants in the high empathy group (i. e. those who shared in the same opinions as Elaine or Charlie) were offered some cash during the experiment. Accordingly, they helped less-their negative state at seeing Elaine or Charlie suffer was diminished by the cash. The reduction of their negative state in this was meant that they didnt have to help reduce their negative feelings (conclusion). Its been found in numerous studies that being in a good mood results in more pro-social behaviour. Research have found people to be more helpful after listening to comedy, smelling pleasant odours, after finding money or by going outside on sunny days (Boron and Byrne,199. ). However if people feel their good mood will be affected by helping then they are more likely to not help and walk. Artificial studies: all lab studies are extremely artificial and lack ecological validity. Behaviour in the real world is subject to many other factors, such as social and cultural influences on behaviour none of which are explored in these lab settings. Therefore it is difficult to generalise lab findings to a wider context. People have criticised Cialdini et al for proposing to negative a view of human behaviour. However the selfish view of human behaviour might be right. ) Helping does help negative state: its not in dispute those helping others/ another person in need does lead to an improved mood for the helper. So it has face validity.

Effects of Corporate Scandal on Governance in the UK

Effects of Corporate Scandal on Governance in the UK 1.1 Introduction The aim of this thesis is to examine the evolution of Corporate Governance in the United Kingdom and the affects which corporate scandals had on it. This aim is achieved through the following objectives: The development of Corporate Governance in the United Kingdom. The affect of corporate scandals on stakeholders. Corporate scandals and Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance has been a source of discussion among investors and entrepreneur and it has gone through many changes in recent years. It is defined as the structures and processes for the direction and control of companies (World Bank, 2005). The importance of Corporate Governance came into enlightenment after the collapse of high profile organisation such as Robert Maxwell (Parkinson Kelly, 1999). These corporate failings lead to UK Corporate governance being improved (Iskander Chamlou, 2000). The Dramatise change in Corporate Governance affected many big organisations with a number of challenges. But the key aspect of Corporate Governance is Risk-taking is fundamental to business activity (Spira Page, 2003), which means risk taken by the organisation must be controlled properly and from here Risk Management comes in. To select Corporate Governance as a dissertation topic large amount of research activities with many sources of literature is being used. One of the major problem realised with this topic was, there was ample amount of literature available and that to is very difficult to select the most appropriate one. But problem was solved by concentrating on academic literature, which is mentioned in brief in this dissertation. The structure of this dissertation is as follows, chapter one will focus on literature review, which will provide some basis knowledge for this dissertation. The main aim of the literature review is to highlight the various factors associated with the evolution of Corporate Governance. This section will also include Corporate Governance in the USA which will only give some idea how the legislation is different in two countries. Secondly we will discuss some scandals (Arthur Andersen and Robert Maxwell). The purpose of choosing these two case is to show by which Corporate Governance reached the stage of maturity. Robert Maxwell scandal which occurred in the UK and Arthur Andersen scandal occurred in the United States, which will be the second chapter of this dissertation which actually gave the birth to Corporate Governance. And the last part of the dissertation which is third and final chapter will describe some limitation and conclusion. Chapter 1 Literature Review The aim of this section is to provide an overview in order to analyse different aspect of Corporate Governance and scandals which are linked with the aim and objective of this dissertation. This part of the dissertation will describe about, what Corporate Governance actually is, discussing definitions. Further it will present back ground, development of Corporate Governance in UK, need for Corporate Governance and Corporate Scandals. What is Corporate Governance? Corporate governance is a field in economics that investigates how to secure/motivate efficient management of corporations by the use of incentive mechanisms, such as contracts, organizational designs and legislation. This is often limited to the question of improving financial performance, for example, how the corporate owners can secure/motivate that the corporate managers will deliver a competitive rate of return, www.encycogov.com, Mathiesen [2002]. Corporate governance deals with the ways in which suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting a return on their investment, The Journal of Finance, Shleifer and Vishny [1997, page 737]. Some commentators take too narrow a view, and say it (corporate governance) is the fancy term for the way in which directors and auditors handle their responsibilities towards shareholders. Others use the expression as if it were synonymous with shareholder democracy. Corporate governance is a topic recently conceived, as yet ill-defined, and consequently blurred at the edge. Corporate governance as a subject, as an objective, or as a regime to be followed for the good of shareholders, employees, customers, bankers and indeed for the reputation and standing of our nation and its economy Maw et al. [1994, page 1]. Corporate Governance is the structures and the process for the direction and control of companies (World Bank, 2005). This definition only explain the involvement of Corporate Governance, however it fails to explain in depth about Corporate Governance. The other definition says the system by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury, 1992, Coyle, p4). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 1998) explain Corporate Governance in more details it says A set of relationships between a companys board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. It also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined (United Nations, 2003, p1). If we look at the definition provided by the OECD (1998) we can say Corporate Governance involve number of parties such as stake holder, share holder and board, and the goal of an organisation can be achieved by using Corporate Governance. And lastly we can say Corporate Governance measures the performance of the company. Background Many large organisations in UK suffered because of the Corporate Governance and this was the main reason for the number of changes in it throughout the years. One of the secondary reasons for this change was the economy and society as well. In this section we will focus on this area, the change occurred in this area and the impact of these changes on corporate world. Dubbed the Enron of England, the South Sea Bubble was one of historys worst financial bubbles (Stock Market Crash! 2006). This was started in 1711, when a war felt Britain in arrears by 10 million pounds. And this debt was financed by the South Sea Company at 6% interest. A part from the interest, Britain also gave the right to trade exclusively in the South Seas. The failure of the South Sea bubble was the expectation of the directors lying about the profits, as the South Sea Company issued stock to finance its operation. Interested Investors quickly realised that company is having monopoly in the market, so the share price increased drastically from the scratch. Speculation became rampant as the share price kept skyrocketing (Stock Market Crash! 2006). And after certain period the management realized that the company share was overvalued. Well we can say that this point in time this happened because there was none of the guidance documents which are available today. Cadbury Committee told this initiative and they produce the first guidance document in the UK, which was chaired by Adrian Cadbury (Cadbury, Report, 1992). The Cadbury Committee Report included a number of financial aspects of corporate governance i.e. the role of the board, auditing and reporting of financial information to shareholders (Cadbury Report, 1992). Cadbury Committee Report was structured in such a manner that the organisations can easily follow it. Here are some outlines of Cadbury Committee Report, Section 4 deals with the structure of board, and there should be executive directors and independent non-executive directors. Section 4.11 explains the purpose of having non-executive directors. The responsibilities of directors which are mentioned in section 4.28. Internal control is discussed in section 4.31 of the Cadbury Report (1992) which provided guidance on keeping records of accounts and reducing the chance of fraud (Cadbury, 1992). Section 4.33 which explain about Audit committee and there relationship with the board members and the appointment of external auditors. However Cadbury Committee report fails to unveil directors remuneration, which leads to the introduction of the Greenbury Report. The chartered Institute of Management Accountants (1999) explains the purposes of having Greenbury Report, to encourage more transparency with the organisation. It provides guidance on directors salaries, bonuses, and also accountability (Chambers 2002). Section A of the Greenbury Report discusses about the directors remuneration and directors remuneration should be decided by a remuneration committee. This committee should include non-executive directors who will decide upon the remuneration of the directors (Greenbury, 1995, section A1). The remuneration committee should provide report to shareholders which are discuss in Section B of the Greenbury Report disclosure and approval provisions (Greenbury, 1995, section B). Section C of the Greenbury Report discuss the performance of the company with there directors. The performance- related component of remuneration should be plan to align the interest of Directors and shareholders and to give directors enthusiastic incentives to execute at the highest levels (Greenbury, 1995, section C). Section D of the Greenbury Report discusses service contracts and compensation (Greenbury Report, 1995, Section D). This part focus on, how much compensation a director is entitled in the event of lea ving the company before his/ her contract expires. This means that shareholders know accurately how much it would cost them if they are firing any one of there director or directors. Hampel and the Broadening of Control Hampels Committee on Corporate Governance (1998) resulted in both a step fore and a step back from the earlier Cadbury report. Hampel elaborated the concept of internal control business risk assessment and response, financial management, compliance with laws and regulations and the safeguarding of assets, including the minimising of fraud (Hampel, 1998, pp. 53-54). The authors clearly stated that They are not concerned only with the financial aspects of governance (Hampel, 1998, p.53). Hampel took a broad view of internal control, stating that it is the responsibility of directors to establish a robust system of risk management, to recognize and appraise potential risks in every aspect of the business operation. The control concept of Hampels was welcome by many organisations, which also include the Association of British Insurers (ABI) which recognise it a realistic approach that motivated companies to deal with their compliance with the new corporate governance requirements (Fagan, 1999). Neil Cowan, Vice President of the European Confederation of Institutes of Internal Auditing, say that Hampels view of risk management represented a welcome restatement of that part of a Boards prime responsibility for devising a strategy that will ensure the companys continued existence (Cowan, 1997). The Turnbull Report A committee chaired by Nigel Turnbull produce a new report titled, Internal Control: Guidelines for Directors on the Combined Code, under the support of Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW, 1999), it was published less than two years after the Hampel Committee on Corporate Governance was published. The document issued by Turnbull committee filled may gaps left by Cadbury and Hampel. The report was drafting by the recommendations of the Combined Code and the underlying Hampel recommendations that directors review all controls. The main aim of the report as agreed by large organisation including ICAEW and the London Stock Exchange was to provide guidance to the listed companies and to implement the requirements in the Code relating to internal control. But the main purpose of the report was giving the relaxation to companies to explain their governance policies, the guidance obliged the board to report on the effectiveness of the companys system of internal c ontrol. This centre on internal control is attached to the idea of a dynamic company, which requires non-stop monitoring and auditing. The Report states that: A companys objectives, its internal organisation and the environment in which it operates are frequently developing and, consequence, the risks it faces are frequently altering. So there should a sound internal control system which depends on a regular assessment of the nature and extent of the risks to which the company is exposed. As profits are, in part, the prizes for successful risk-taking in business. Internal Control purpose is to help manager and control risk appropriately rather than to eliminate it. (ICAEW, 1999, p.5, para.13). Turnbull Committee involve two steps to interpret, firstly to identify the risk and how the risk is managed and evaluated. Secondly, assess the effectiveness of the internal control system, it procedure and effectiveness. Some other report which focuses on Corporate Governance in UK are Rutteman Report 1994 on Internal Control and Financial Reporting, Myners Report 2001 on Relationship between institutional investors and companies, Tyson Report 2003 on Recruitment and development of non executive directors (Chartered Institute of accountants for England and Wales, 2006). Why use Corporate Governance? The argument that the company should be subject to legal regulation at least some of their actions tends to be couched in term of Market failure. Companies are recognized to have characteristics, particularly the scale and scope of their operations, which make the market governance of their actions imperfect. The purpose of the regulation is to iron out those imperfections and to restore market governance. Now in some cases this may mean very extensive legal regulation indeed, and in exceptional cases, particularly in respect of the so-called natural monopolies, an acceptance that market governance must be abandoned in favour of economy governance. This is a topic, which is growing in importance following a number of high profile failures. In UK stock market as per Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance,1992 all listed companies need to publicly state whether or not they comply with Corporate Governance. If the Investors they are not fulfilling this requirement, they may full loss as this is an incentive for the listed companies to use Corporate Governance otherwise investors may choose to invest elsewhere. According to James Madison (Bavly, 1999) No man is allowed to be judge in his own case, because his interest would certainly bias his judgement and, not improbably corrupt his integrity described by James Madison (Bavly, 1999). Because of the Corporate Governance, companies are run in a fair and efficient manner to maximise the wealth of the organisation rather than maximise the profit and that no one person should have too much control. The Institute of Chartered Accounts for England and Wales (ICAEW, 2002) discuss the importance of Corporate Governance in more details, ICAEW (2002) explain that because of the corporate scandals, Corporate Governance came into motion or it can also be said corporate scandals is the main driver for Corporate Governance as it highlights what can actually happen and also the devastating affects. The ICAEW (2002) also indicated that because of the awareness and the increased knowledge of shareholders have lead to companies to improve there presentation in the market and also to improve the way in which they operate in order to attract investment. Shareholder influence affect the structure of an organisation (Investments) so they having a positive impact on Corporate Governance as it is a key driver for the implementation of Corporate Governance to many companies. Iskander and Chamlou (2000) explain that, to increase the market value and the market share good corporate Governance is essential. This is a key subject to consider because if the management is not performing efficiently and effectively, then money is going to be spent on agency problems, which arise. However with good Corporate Governance the board is working more consistently. Coyle (2003/2004) explains that there is also a difference of interest between directors of a company and its shareholders. The directors need to earn more benefits and high remuneration whereas the shareholders want the company to be earn more profit or to maximise the profit of an organisation so that they can cover there cost of capital. Corporate Governance allows shareholders and Directors to set criteria to come to an friendly agreement. This allows to set out exact guidelines to each other thus reducing conflict. (PriceWaterHouseCooper, 2004) The above figure is taken from a survey conducted by PriceWaterHouseCooper in year 2004, undertaking 134 executives. The executive were ask, what was the main reason for the failure of Corporate Governance. 37% of the executives replied because of the compliance failures and 26% replied because of the poor management and also because of the poor leadership. The conduct of senior executives was also a major risk according to 15% of directors. The figure clearly shows that Corporate Governance strongly focuses on activities such as leadership of executives. Corporate Governance in the USA Corporate Governance in the United States of America (USA) is different in some way from United Kingdom, however there are some similarities. In America the first Corporate Governance documents, was Treadway Report (Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, CIMA, 1999). It emphasis on auditing, which it stressed must be separate from directors (CIMA, 1999). There are many forces that have led to the development of corporate governance in the U.S. as it appears now. The problem of the corporate governance in U.S is that there is not a set of laws or regulation to decide how organization matters are to be addressed. There are two side-by-side laws first is Federal law and Second is state laws, and traditionally corporate governance is a matter of state, so it is determine by the sate laws. This recommendation of corporate governance was aimed at reviewing the performance and profitability of companies through an independent organization in order for shareholders to have a true pic ture of how the company is performing. The Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) then produced a further document on Corporate Governance which was based on Internal Control (CIMA, 1999). This was designed to discuss how a company should be run and appropriate controls, which would ensure this. After the corporate scandal of Enron, the Sarbanes-Oxley statute is really a federalization of corporate law. Sovereign of written statutes and regulations, the U.S. is a common law system so a great deal of the law on corporate governance comes through judicial decisions. The United States of America introduced corporate governance legislation in 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). High profile corporate collapses due to a number of circumstances including financial reporting irregularities leading to a lack of investor confidence and public trust. The Financial Services Authority (FSA) which is the regulating body of the Financial Services sector in the UK did a number of things in reaction to the Enron scandal (Rouston, 2003). Rouston explains that the FSA conducted a review of listing rules and looking further into the matter of accountancy and auditing (Rouston, K, 2003). However in the USA the response to the growing number of Corporate Scandals and most recently the Enron scandal the USA was different than the UK. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was introduced in 2001 as a direct response to a number of corporate failures (Matyjewicz and Blackburn, 2003). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) was useful as it meant that Corporate Governance would have to be taken seriously and that there would be company on the stock exchange who did not comply with SOX (2002). Although the UK does not have legislation many companies do use corporate governance, the Combined Code, in order to attract investors (Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, 1992). The three reasons for the development of Corporate Governance in USA:- (The Continuing Evolution of Corporate Governance in the United States- Thomas A. COLE Chairman, Executive Committee, Sidley Austin Brown Wood LLP) Capitalistic view has clearly prevailed with specific regulations imposed relating to the treatment of employees and such. The second factor in the development of U.S. corporate governance is that there are very widely held corporations. Another factor that has shaped corporate governance is the rise of the institutional investor. Paying for Good Governance One of the survey done by Mckinsey Company in 2000 all the investors are willing to pay more for a company with good board governance. Nearly 83% in latin America, 81% in US and 89% in Asia they consider that there should be proper control upon the working of the organisation. Source: Mckinsey company, Investor opinion (2000) Corporate Governance: A Mandate for Risk Management? Risk Management is described as identifying and managing a firms exposure to financial risk. Corporate Governance as describe above is a set of rules, procedure and structures by which investors, who invest in an organisation assure themselves that they are getting pre-determined return and they also ensure themselves that there investment is used and invested in efficient portfolio and the managers are not misusing there investment. It is at the top of the international development agenda as emphasised by James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank: The governance of companies is more important for world economic growth than the government of countries. This section will focus the connection between risk management and Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance and Risk Management are strongly linked and the two are used in conjunction with one another to help companies in the running of a smooth and well-organized business. One of the main reasons for the implementation of Corporate Governance is to stop Corporate Failings and Turnbull highlights that that drive the business forward, some risks should be taken (Chartered Institute Internal Auditors for UK and Ireland). And is said to calculate risks the use of risk management is essential because even the smallest risk can create big problem for companies. CIMA (1999) explain number of factors which link Corporate Governance with Risk Management, good corporate Governance reduces risks. The purpose of the risk management is to eliminate risk. Risk Management as described by Coyle (2003/04) identifying, assessing and controlling the risks facing a business, and with incorporating risk issues into decision making processes (Coyle, B, P2). And if we compare the definition provided by the (Cadbury, 1992, Coyle, p4) The system by which companies are directed and controlled both the definitions aim to protect the organisation and their investor (equity or debt) and also ensure the smooth running if the organisation. There have been many changes in issues Corporate Governance and Risk Management from the Cadbury Report of the early 1990s to the more recent Turnbull Report of 1999. Well it is now clear to all the boards of directors there responsibility to ensure that all possible threats to an organisation have been systematically identified, carefully evaluated and effectively controlled. Corporate Scandals The Corporate Scandals were occurring on a frequent basis in the 1980s 1990s (The international Corporate Governance Review 2003). This was considered as a worrying condition for investors and companies. Short et al (1998) suggested that corporate scandals can occur for a number of reasons one of the reason given by them was creative accounting, which can explain as not doing the accounts properly and hiding the problems or risk through which the company is exposed. And the investors believe that company is performing and working in a good condition and there investment is safe. They also explained that dishonest of directors also played a vital part in corporate scandals, this can be in many ways such as hiding the fact and telling shareholder that the company is doing well. Nathanson (2002) explain corporate scandals often have elements of political blame. Nathanson explain this by taking the example of Heaths Government in 1972 as they made a drive for growth. Which mean high share prices which affected the economy which was growing at round 5%. And some companies such as Slater Walker went bankrupt (Nathanson 2002). One of the interesting question to analyse is How do (the suppliers of finance) make sure that managers do not steal the capital they supply or invest it in bad projects (Licht, 2003). To protect Investors is the overall main purpose of Corporate Governance and this statement shows the overall purpose for the Corporate Governance. The scandals not only affected the shareholders of the organisation but it also harm the staff, usually financially. So the whole organisation was effected by the Corporate Scandals. One of the article printed in Financial Times in year 2002, which explain the former employees pension which was previously worth $450, 000 is now worth $12,000, this is because of the collapse of the company, and financial time total blame corporate governance (Financial Times, 2002). This shows how the collapse of a massive company such as Enron can have on one individual employee. However we should also understand that shareholder are not only one who are affected by this disaster but it also affected such as the financial services market, a decline in confidence in the market, and the government as it is poor publicity. (Market and opinion research International, 2003) The figure 3.2 highlights that confidence in UK organizations is in-fact fairly high when comparing the above data it is clear that in-fact confidence is rather high with 47% disagreeing that an Enron could occur and 35% strongly disagreeing. But the fact is that only 4% of the directors who were interviewed believe that it was likely or highly likely. To conclude this, now the directors are confident after the effective corporate governance that there wont be another Enron Scandal occurs in the UK. Maier (2005) suggested of the failure of the corporate governance is corporate scandal. And because of these corporate scandals investor loose there confidence over the market (Maier 2005). Because of these corporate scandal government introduce the Cadbury Report (1992) to increase the confidence of the investor (Cadbury Report 1992). The USA also acted in a similar way to the Enron scandal by introducing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002). It appears that corporate scandals have many bad affects but they are a key driver for Corporate Governance. Can directors be trusted to tell the truth? Agree: 17% Disagree: 65% Are directors paid too much? Agree: 75% Disagree: 11% Can firms pension promises be trusted? Agree: 34% Disagree: 43% Can accountants be trusted to check results? Agree: 37% Disagree: 39% (BBC Business, 2002) The above figure was taken from BBC business survey which was conducted in 2002 by surveying 2000 members of the UK public. The survey was conducted soon after the corporate scandals which were because of the failure of the Corporate Governance. When analysing the figure the general public of UK totally lost confidence from the companies and only 17% of the citizen respondents that they trust Directors. So we can conclude by saying that corporate governance is a prime factor or this also be explain as a key element which not only enhance investors confidence but it also promote competitiveness and ultimately the whole economy benefits. The governance of companies is more important for world economic growth than the government of countries (James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank). Cultural, political and economic norms affect the way in which a society approaches corporate governance and its affects on board leadership, management mistake and accountability. The challenge in front of the policy maker is to reach a balance of legislative and regulatory reform, taking into consideration the best practice to promote enterprise, enhance competitiveness and stimulate investment. Conclusion There are clearly many factors which act to provide incentive for institutions not to involve themselves in Corporate Governance issues. Whilst the level of monitoring by institutions is greater than that commenly supposed, such monitoring tends to be carried out in private, and, as Black and Coffee (1994) note, for most British institutions, activism is crisis driven. Furthermore, it is unlikely that behind the scenes monitoring is satisfactory, particularly from the point of view of the public, as it enhances the belief that institutions and company management are all simply part of the same old boy network, a belief illustrated by the debate concerning the high level of directors remuneration. The increase in number of informations and guidance has increased the knowledge of the companies and has also made the corporate practices more sophisticated. If we go through Cadbury committee report there was lack of internal control however Turnbull report lifted the veil and this report emphasized on internal control as part from other controls. Other countries such as the USA are different from Great Britain, the USA introduce Corporate Governance Legislation called the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Although the United Kingdom do not have Corporate Governance legislation as such companies feel obliged to follow guidance if wish to attract investment (ICAEW, 2005). Corporate Governance is very much important for these days for the companies who work either in public sector or private sector as it has been highlighted in previous high profile corporate scandals, such as Enron, that lacking of Corporate Governance companies are exposed to being involved in a Corporate Scandal (ICAEW, 2005). Corporate Governance is now becoming a culture of companies in Britain and it is more often used than ever before. Large corporate scandals in the USA, such as Enron, have an affected other countries which also include the UK. Corporate Governance is closely linked to Risk Management; so it is essential to go through the key component in the risk management regime. Chapter 2 Case Studies In order to see the poor performance of Corporate Governance and lack of Corporate Governance legislation it is useful to use the case study approach. It was very important for the dissertation as it highlights the real life example of the poor performance of Corporate Governance. A case study can be defined as a research study which focuses on understanding the dynamics present within a single setting (Eisenhardt 1989, p65). This technique (Case Study) was introduced in 1934 as per the Oxford English Dictionary (2006). According to Stake (1993) the purpose of using two case studies was to see how the failure of corporate governance and there affect on the companies in different ways. One of the key objectives of including these cases is to see the affect of corporate scandals and how they can happen and this aim can be assisted by the case study technique. There are a many limitations however; the company scandals are in different sectors of the economy. The approach of case study is having number of advantage and number of disadvantages as well. By using case studies, comparisons can be drawn, comparing one corporate scandal with the other company scandal (Jankowicz, 2005). It must be noted that when comparing the different corporate scandal they are often very different but the

Examine the contradictions in The Great Gatsby, including its narrative

Examine the contradictions in The Great Gatsby, including its narrative styles. The novel moves on two levels: Fitzgerald makes you see the magic and romance of Gatsby's vision of ideal love, dazzling the eye with wealth; yet, at the same time, the narrator pulls us down to earth revealing the immorality, waste and corruption of those who surround Gatsby and cause his death. Examine the contradictions in The Great Gatsby, including its narrative styles. One of Fitzgerald's main aims is to show the reader that the world he illustrates in The Great Gatsby includes both dazzling wealth and corruption, both of which are evident in American society of the 1920s. These work in parallel and come together as part of the same society: the wealthy upper class. Straight away we see this as being a contradiction, as the glittering surface impression of these wealthy people conceals their true nature as an immoral, careless and unsympathetic society. This novel clearly does move on two levels. The author enables us to look into the different worlds of money and romance (and whether or not they can exist together), as it is not only a story of superficial richness, but also of lost love and the use of wealth to regain it. These themes alone are a contrast, as money is a matter of the mind and love a matter of the heart. Although Fitzgerald glamorises the lifestyles of the rich minority, he also asks us to question how attractive money really is, by conveying to us the destruction and unhappiness that huge wealth can cause underneath its dazzling exterior. We are led through the various events of the novel by our narrator, Nick Carraway, who is also Gatsby's neighbour. Nick, despite being surrounded by e... ...atsby's eventual death. Daisy, by killing a woman in Gatsby's car, represents the fact that unmaterialistic people are often downtrodden by the wealthy. The rich themselves believe that money can buy them everything, including, as in Daisy's case, a guilt-free conscience. An underlying contradiction of the novel is that Gatsby's rich guests all thought that happiness rested in money, but the truth was that it does not, and never will. For Gatsby, the source of his happiness rested in love, and whilst the rich minority took everything, including love, for granted, Gatsby never did, and it proved to be his demise. The novel's biggest contradiction shows that although love is the source of life, in this instance it has killed a man in his quest to find it. Kate Cockburn Bibliography: 'The Great Gatsby', F.Scott Fitzgerald (Penguin Modern Classics).